What is Manual Transmission?
Manual transmission, also called manual gearbox or standard transmission, is a type of transmission used in cars that requires the driver to manually shift gears by using a clutch and gear shifter. In a manual transmission car, the driver has full control over the vehicle's gears, allowing them to control the speed and torque of the car.
Manual transmission is different from the automatic transmission, where the gears are shifted automatically without any input from the driver. While the automatic transmission is easier to use and requires less skill and effort, the manual transmission provides greater control over the car and can improve fuel efficiency.
History of Manual Transmission
The manual transmission was first used in cars in the early 20th century, replacing the unreliable and complicated planetary gears used in early automobiles. Manual transmissions remained the standard for cars until the 1940s when automatic transmissions began to be developed and eventually became more popular due to their ease of use. However, manual transmissions have remained popular among car enthusiasts and in sports cars, where drivers prefer the increased control and performance offered by a manual gearbox.
Types of Manual Transmissions
Manual transmissions come in different types, each offering its own characteristics and performance benefits. Let's explore some of the common types of manual transmissions found in cars:
Synchromesh Transmission
The synchromesh transmission, also known as a fully synchronised transmission, is the most common type of manual transmission used in modern cars. It features synchronizers that help match the rotational speeds of the manual transmission gears before engaging them, resulting in smooth and seamless gear shifts. This type of transmission is user-friendly and popular for its ease of use.
Dog-Leg Transmission
The dog-leg transmission is a variant of the synchromesh transmission. It gets its name from the gear pattern, which places the first gear in an unconventional location. Instead of the usual "H" pattern, the dog-leg transmission positions the first gear at the bottom left corner, making it resemble the shape of a dog's leg. This design was popular in performance cars and racing vehicles, as it allowed drivers to quickly shift to second gear without accidentally engaging reverse.
Automated Manual Transmission (AMT)
The automated manual transmission, also known as a clutchless manual transmission or semi-automatic transmission, combines elements of both manual and automatic transmissions. It operates like a manual transmission but uses an electronic control unit to automate the clutch operation and gear shifts. In an AMT, the driver can shift gears manually or let the system shift gears automatically, providing a convenient and efficient driving experience.
Constant Mesh Transmission
The constant mesh transmission is an older type of manual transmission that is still used in some commercial and heavy-duty vehicles. It features a system where all the gears are constantly meshed together but can be engaged or disengaged using synchronizers and the clutch. Constant-mesh transmissions are known for their durability and ability to handle heavy loads.
Components of Manual Transmission
A manual transmission system consists of several components that work together to transfer power from the engine to the wheels of the car. Here are the main components of a manual transmission.
Clutch: The clutch is the pedal on the left side of the driver's footwell that is used to engage and disengage the engine from the transmission. The clutch pedal is pressed down when the driver wants to change gears or come to a stop.
Gear shifter: The gear shifter is the lever that is used to shift gears. In most manual transmission cars, the gear shifter is located in the centre console of the car.
Flywheel: The flywheel is a large metal disc that is connected to the engine's crankshaft. It stores kinetic energy and helps the engine maintain a steady RPM.
Pressure plate: It is a metal plate that is connected to the flywheel. It applies pressure to the clutch disc, allowing the engine's power to be transmitted to the transmission.
Clutch disc: The clutch disc is located between the flywheel and the pressure plate. It is made of a friction material that allows it to engage and disengage with the pressure plate.
Transmission: The transmission is the component that transfers power from the engine to the wheels of the car. It contains a series of gears that allow the driver to change the speed and torque of the car.
How Manual Transmission Works
Manual transmission works by transferring power from the engine to the wheels of the car through a series of gears. The driver uses the clutch and gear shifter to engage and disengage different gears, allowing them to control the speed and torque of the car. The following points will help you understand the working of manual transmissions.
When the driver presses down on the clutch pedal, it disengages the engine from the transmission. It allows the driver to shift gears without damaging the transmission or stalling the engine.
When the driver releases the clutch pedal, it engages the engine with the transmission, allowing power to be transferred to the wheels.
The gears in a manual transmission are arranged in a specific pattern, with the first gear being the smallest and highest torque gear and the sixth gear being the largest and lowest torque gear.
When the driver shifts gears, they move the gear shifter into the appropriate gear slot, allowing the transmission to engage that gear.
The clutch is a critical component of manual transmission, as it allows the driver to engage and disengage the engine from the transmission.
The clutch consists of several parts, including the clutch pedal, pressure plate, flywheel, and clutch disc.
When the driver presses down on the clutch pedal, it disengages the clutch disc from the pressure plate, allowing the engine's power to be transmitted to the transmission.
When the driver releases the clutch pedal, it engages the clutch disc with the pressure plate, allowing power to be transferred to the wheels.
While the basic principles of manual transmission have remained the same for decades, modern cars have introduced several improvements to make manual transmission more efficient and easier to use.
Advantages of Manual Transmission
There are several advantages to driving a car with a manual transmission. Here are more details of the same.
Increased control: With a manual transmission, the driver has more control over the car's speed and acceleration. It can be particularly useful in certain driving situations, such as driving on steep hills or in snowy or icy conditions.
Improved fuel efficiency: Manual gearboxes are typically more fuel-efficient than automatic transmissions. It is because manual transmissions are lighter and have fewer moving parts, which means less power is lost in transmission.
Lower cost: Manual transmissions are typically less expensive than automatic transmissions.
Lower maintenance costs: Manual transmission cars are generally less complex than automatic transmission cars, meaning they are less prone to mechanical issues and require less maintenance.
More engaging driving experience: Many car enthusiasts prefer manual transmission because it offers a more engaging and immersive driving experience.
Disadvantages of Manual Transmission
While manual transmission in cars can be a thrilling and engaging experience, it also has its disadvantages. Here are some of the main drawbacks of manual gearboxes.
More physical effort: Shifting gears in a manual transmission requires physical effort, as the driver must use the clutch and gear shifter to engage and disengage different gears. It can be tiring, especially in heavy traffic or during long drives.
Higher learning curve: Learning to drive a manual transmission can take more time and effort than learning how to drive an automatic. It requires a certain level of coordination and skill to shift gears smoothly and avoid stalling the engine.
Less convenient in traffic: In heavy traffic or stop-and-go situations, a manual transmission can be less convenient than an automatic one. The constant shifting and clutch work can be tiring and can slow down the progress of the vehicle.
Greater risk of damage: Because manual transmission requires more physical interaction between the driver and the car, there is a greater risk of damage to the clutch, gearbox, or other components if the driver is not careful or makes mistakes while shifting gears.
How to Drive a Manual Transmission Car
Driving a car with a manual transmission can be intimidating at first, but with practice, it becomes second nature. Here are the steps to follow when driving a manual transmission car.
Start the engine and press the clutch pedal: Before shifting gears, make sure the engine is running and press the clutch pedal all the way to the floor.
Shift into first gear: Move the gear shifter into first gear while keeping the clutch pedal pressed to the floor.
Slowly release the clutch pedal: As you release the clutch pedal, the car will begin to move forward. Be sure to release the clutch pedal slowly to avoid stalling the engine.
Accelerate and shift into higher gears: Once the car is moving, you can accelerate and shift into higher gears as needed. To shift gears, press the clutch pedal and move the gear shifter to the desired gear. Then, release the clutch pedal slowly while pressing the accelerator pedal.
Downshift when slowing down: When you need to slow down, you should downshift instead of relying solely on the brakes. To downshift, press the clutch pedal and shift to a lower gear. It will allow the engine to slow down the car, reducing the wear and tear on your brakes.
Stop the car: To stop the car, press the clutch pedal and the brake pedal simultaneously. Keep the clutch pedal pressed down until the car comes to a complete stop.
Tips for Driving a Manual Transmission Car
Here are some tips for driving a car with a manual gearbox.
Practice: Driving a manual transmission car takes practice, so be patient and keep practising until it becomes second nature.
Pay attention to the engine: Pay attention to the sound of the engine and the feel of the car to determine when to shift gears.
Use the handbrake: When starting on a hill, use the handbrake to keep the car from rolling backwards as you release the clutch pedal.
Don't ride the clutch: Avoid keeping your foot on the clutch pedal for extended periods, as this can cause excessive wear and tear on the clutch.
Don't shift too quickly: Avoid shifting gears too quickly, as this can cause the engine to stall.
Manual Transmission Cars in India (2023)
Here are some of the popular manual transmission cars in India, along with their prices.
